In the Heart of the Sea Essay example -- essays research papers

In the Heart of the Sea What caused an 85 ton Sperm whale to crash into the side of the Essex, causing one of the most disastrous and tragic accidents in maritime history? Was this a calculated attack? Did it see the whaling ship as an unwanted rival in its territory? Did the crew of the Essex have anything to do with the whales’ sporadic behavior? Or was this simply an unexplainable act of nature’s unpredictability?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On November 20, 1820 the crew of the Essex spotted an unusual sight, an extremely large bull. The men estimated it to be about eighty-five feet long and weigh approximately eighty tons. However it was not only the large sight of the whale that alarmed the men, but it was its strange behavior. â€Å"Instead of fleeing in panic, it was floating quietly on the surface of the water, puffin occasionally through its blowhole, as if it were watching them. After spouting two or three times, the whale dove then surfaced about 35 yards from the ship (81).† After diving the whale began to do the unspeakable it began to charge the Essex, â€Å"Its twenty foot-wide tail pumped up and down slowly at first, with a slight side to side waggle, it picked up speed until the water crested around its massive barrel shaped head. It was aimed at the Essex’s port side (81).† Upon noticing that the whale was going to ram into the ship the captain gave the order to â⠂¬Å"pull the helm hard up† to prevent a direct hit however the order was given to late the whale it the shi...

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1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose This document describes the high level design for the CHART/EORS Intranet Mapping Application and the CHART Internet Mapping Application. The purpose of this design is to show the high-level technical approach to meeting the requirements defined in system requirements specification. This serves to identify the architecture of the system and high-level interactions between major system components. 1.2 Objectives Identify and describe the software architecture for the system. Provide  high-level approaches to various technical challenges. Provide a guide for future development efforts, such as detailed design and coding. 1.3 Scope This high level design encompasses the approach for meeting the requirements as defined in the documents CHART/EORS Intranet Mapping System Requirement Specification and CHART Internet Mapping System Requirement Specification. 2. System Architecture 2.1 Overview The following diagram shows the system architecture used by CHART mapping applications.  The system design utilizes web based multi-tier system architecture. The data storage is managed at the data tier by the databases. The main business logics are hosted in the two applications in the web server. Because mapping is an area that there are many requirements related to client side interactions with the graphic content of the application, application logics are partitioned based on the most appropriate location to execute them. Some are located on the client browsers to provide instantaneous feedback to the user. The general system operation flow involves the following: 1. Data updates from various sources such as the CHART II CORBA events, EORS data inputs, device and event editing modules are stored in the databases. 2. When a mapping application receives a mapping request, it sends the image map generation request to the ArcIMS map server. The ArcIMS server retrieves the map data from the databases and creates a rendering of the map and saves it as a raster image file. The mapping application generates HTML pages embedded with the image and sends it to the browser client. 3. For the CHART Intranet mapping client, the application also generates the dynamic content in VML format, which encodes the device and event information in vector format. This enables the application to update the dynamic data without having to reload the whole map image. This avoids the heavy load on the map server when the application scales up. 4. When the images and VML  data arrives at the client browser, the client displays the map to the user. The user can interact with this data on the client. 2.2 SQL Server and ArcSDE ArcSDE from ESRI allows managing of geographic information in commercial databases such as SQL Server, Oracle, DB2 and Informix. ArcSDE provides functionalities to efficiently store and retrieve spatial information using spatial indexing mechanisms. ArcSDE provides a set of API and administrative utilities that help manage the spatial data storage. For the CHART mapping systems, the combination of ArcSDE and SQL Server manages the spatial information in the relational database. ArcSDE adds spatial functionalities without disrupting standard SQL database capabilities. 2.3 Map Server (ArcIMS) ArcIMS includes a few components that will play important roles in the CHART mapping application. The workhorse component that processes the data and generates maps is the spatial server. Managing the spatial servers is the ArcIMS Application Server, which monitors each spatial server’s activity and brokers map requests to the least busy spatial server. The detailed interaction of a map request is as the following: When the ASP.Net page receives a map request, it parses it and uses the ActiveX Connector object model to construct a map request. The connector then sends the map request in ArcXML format to the Application Server. The Application Server then finds the least busy spatial server and forwards the map request to it. The spatial server performs the query against the ArcSDE database, retrieves the data and renders them into a raster image file. The location of the file is then sent back to the connector and the ASP.Net page writes it back to the client as HTML page with the image embedded in it. 2.4 Web Server (IIS) .Net Framework and ASP.Net The web server hosts and publishes content to the client browser. In the case of the CHART mapping applications, most of the content is dynamic content generated by ASP.Net modules. When IIS recognizes a page being an ASP.Net module (an aspx extension), it passes the request to the .Net Framework to load the module and handle the request. The ASP.Net pages are then loaded into memory and executed. The .Net Framework provides many utilities such as garbage collection, tracing, just-in-time compilation that manages the execution of ASP.Net modules. The ASP.Net page modules are where the CHART mapping application logic is coded. The web server also provides security via the Secured Socket Layer (SSL), allowing interactions between the user’s browser and the web server to be encrypted when necessary. 2.5 Security 2.5.1 Network Level Security Network layer security will be managed by the network security configurations like firewall and RSA secure ID. 2.5.2 Secured Socket Layer (SSL) MDOT has a certificate server to provide digital certificates for the SSL configuration. The server name must remain consistent with the certificate. All links shall use the same server name, otherwise, if the server is referred using an IP address or a local server name, etc., the user will see an alert indicating the certificate is in-consistent with the resource. IIS supports the configuration of one folder in the web application requiring SSL while other portion does not. The session information remains consistent between SSL portion of the web site and the non-SSL portion. 2.5.3 Enterprise User Enters Read-Only View Many of the CHART mapping functionalities are for display and reviewing data, i.e. a read-only view. The design allows enterprise viewers and CHART users to access the read-only portion of the web site without having to input user name and password. This also enables CHART users to reach the viewing area without having to enter their login information again. When system receives a user request to enter the secured area, the system checks whether the current session has been authenticated. If not, system displays login screen. The user shall enter their CHART user name and password. Upon receipt of the user name and password, the system checks it  against the CHART II database’s user tables. If they are authenticated, the system stores the user information in the session. The session will be managed in the server until the configured timeout expires. All subsequent requests from the same user session will inherit the same authorization information for the user. 2.5.4 CHART User Enters Editing Area Other applications, like future versions of CHART II and CHART Lite, can launch the map editing URL via the HTTPS protocol. The user name and password can be sent via https request. The system verifies their authentication information against the CHART II user database using an OLEDB/ODBC connection. If the authentication information is correct, the system will store this information in the session. The user will be redirected to the map page. If the authentication is rejected, the user request will be redirected to the login screen to reenter the authentication information. Associating a CHART user with an op-center/default map view area: Based on CHART II R1B3 database design, users are not associated with an op-center; rather, the user specifies an op-center during logon. In order to display a default map view area based on an op-center, an external application launching the CHART mapping application will also need to pass in the operation center name to initialize the map to the associated extent. Passing user name and password in URL request: The mapping site shall have a module that verifies the user name and password, then forward the page to the map page, hence avoiding showing the password on URL address box. At the current time, without the full integration with CHART II and CHART Lite, the system will expect plain text user name and password. In the future, an encryption/decryption algorithms agreed between the systems can be added to achieve higher security. 2.5.5 EORS Security Currently, the EORS security has not been implemented. EORS functions will be hard-coded with security configuration. 3. Network Configuration The design above depicts CHART network configuration as the Internal network, a Demilitarization Zone (DMZ) network for hosting the web server and connecting out to the external Internet network. There will be two firewalls, one between the Internet and the DMZ network and another one between the DMZ network and the internal network. The map server and database servers are to be hosted in the internal network for maximum security. The initial configuration calls for two physical computers to host the map servers and database servers. In the future, if the system needs to scale up, additional physical servers can be added. The Intranet web server can optionally be hosted on the load-balanced virtual server too. 3.1.1 Map Server Load Balancing The design achieves load balancing by a combination of Windows 2000 Advanced Server Network Load Balancing (NLB) Service and the ArcIMS Application Server. The system utilizes two physical server computers. The two servers are configured with NLB. NLB works on the TCP/IP level. Any incoming traffic from web server to the virtual server IP address is load balanced between the two application servers by NLB. ArcIMS Application Server operates at the application level, monitoring each spatial server’s load and operation. When a spatial server is busy, it directs the map request to idling spatial server(s). Each physical map server hosts one ArcIMS Application Server and two ArcIMS Spatial Server instances. An application server failure forces NLB to direct new connections to the remaining application server. When the failed server is recovered, new client connections should once again be shared between the two servers. The two spatial server instances are â€Å"cross registered† to the application servers. As shown in the diagram, Spatial Server A1 and A2 are registered to Application Server B and A correspondingly. This arrangement ensures that when a spatial server is down, the application server can still  utilize the spatial server from the other server to serve the map request and the application server continue to function. Also, this configuration also allows ArcIMS to load balance at the Spatial Server level as opposed to just the network traffic level, which is what NLB provides. This configuration can withstand an Application Server failure, a Spatial Server failure, a simultaneous Application/Spatial Server failure or hardware failure of one of the physical map servers. Using two map servers with network load balancing should provide high-availability load balanced ArcIMS web site. 3.1.2 Database Load Balancing By running two SQL Server and ArcSDE instances with NLB to balance the load, the system can achieve high availability at the database server layer. The database servers are completely independent and share no hardware components. This type of availability is achievable with the standard edition of SQL Server. The two database servers are setup with Transactional replication. One of the two SQL Servers is configured as the publisher and the other one as a subscriber. All the data modification such as insert, delete and update will be performed on the publisher and changes are replicated to the subscriber. Transactional replication can provide very low latency to Subscribers. Subscribers receiving data using a push subscription usually receive changes from the Publisher within one minute or sooner, provided that the network link and adequate processing resources are available (latency of a few seconds can often be achieved). When the web server and map server requests use the virtual IP address on the load-balanced group of database servers, they are directed to the database server with the least amount of load. If one of the database servers goes down due to hardware failure, NLB detects that this server is down and no longer directs database requests to this machine. The remaining machine handles the database requests and apart from a slight drop in performance the users are unaware that a database server has failed. When the hardware is fixed the offending machine can be brought back online. One limitation exists for this design. It happens when the publisher database is down. In this situation the data updates cannot be committed until the publisher database comes back. But at the same time, all read access from the Internet and Intranet server could still be directed to the secondary server. In the case when the publisher data is going to be down for extended time period, system configuration need to allow system administrator to change the configuration so that the replica will serve as the main database. Compared with clustering solution, this system design provides the maximum database availability and performance benefit. The databases that need to be replicated would include: 1. Background map database. Background map data does not change often. A snapshot replication is sufficient for replicating data updates in one database to the other. 2. CHART/EORS Spatial Database CHART/EORS spatial database stores CHART and EORS device and event information with spatial data. They are dynamically updated throughout the day. Transactional replication will be setup to ensure that data change in one database gets replicated to the other one. 3. SDE metadata. In general, the system can continue to provide access of map and data to both the Internet and Intranet users in the case of failure of any one component in the system. The only exception is that when the publisher database is down, the new data cannot be updated into the system. Users will get delayed information. 3.1.3 DMZ Configuration CHART is currently implementing a Demilitarization Zone (DMZ) network to enhance the network security. This entails creating a separate network for the web server computer(s) and separating it from the internal network with a firewall. In an ideal world, the DMZ would have no physical connection to the internal network. This would require two separate map server setups to serve the  Internet and Intranet users. The recommended way to implement is to disallow any access from the DMZ to the internal network, but allow access from the internal network to the DMZ. In other words, allow out-bound connections. On each of the ArcIMS server computers, mount a network drive to a shared drive on the Web server. Each ArcIMS spatial server would write the output raster image files to the location on the web server to be delivered to the Internet client browsers. 4. Database Organization To reduce the dependency and operation interference between the spatial data and the attribute data, the EORS spatial database and CHART spatial database will be created as two SQL Server databases. To reduce the performance overhead when joining data between the spatial and attribute data, the EORS spatial database will reside on the same database server(s) as the EORS database. 5. Technical Challenges 5.1 Map Display Mechanism CHART Intranet mapping application requires that changes in event and device data be reflected on all map clients in a near-real-time fashion (within 5 seconds). To do so via the traditional raster map publishing mechanism will result in all clients retrieving updated map every 5 seconds or at least when event/device status update requires a new map to be generated. When there is large number of users of the system, it will result in a high map server load in a concentrated short time period. To resolve this issue, the project team reviewed various technical approaches and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages as the following: 5.1.1 Raster (JPEG, GIF or PNG) Image This is a popular approach that utilizes the basic image display functionality of web browsers. It utilizes the server processing power efficiently. The disadvantages are that the images have limited client side intelligence, leaving most of the computation concentrated on the server. It’s capability of handling large number of concurrent map requests is limited. Generally, one map server can support 4-8 requests per second. For  CHART’s situation, when an event changes status, if a new map image needs to be generated, it would be about 40 requests per second (200 users at 5 second update interval). Many servers will be required to support the load. With the license fee involved with using GIF format, we will not use GIF for map publishing. Compared with JPG format, PNG graphics do not have the â€Å"bleeding† effect inherent with the JPEG compression algorithm. With the map displaying lines rather than continuous tone images, it is much cleaner. PNG also results in a smaller file, which translates into faster download times for client. The only JPG advantage is server side image generation times. It is recommended to utilize PNG for the Intranet application to produce highest quality images for standardized IE browser while utilizing JPG for the Internet to allow for support of as many browsers as possible. Also, the reduction in image processing time should deliver better web image generation performance. 5.1.2 XML Based Vector Graphics 5.1.2.1 Vector Markup Language (VML) VML is a XML based W3C standard in describing vector graphics. Basically, it encodes the vector coordinates of points, lines and polygons in XML format. The support of VML is included in Internet Explorer 5.0 and later. There is no download needed to display VML encoded vector graphics. It also has built-in support for style sheet and scripting. This makes it possible to modify the display properties and positions of the vector graphics using the JavaScript on the client-side browser. Using this functionality, we can dynamically update the display of devices and events. 5.1.2.2 Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) Scalable Vector Graphics is another XML-based W3C standard format for vector graphics. Compared with VML, it requires Java or ActiveX based plug-in to be displayed. Also, based on review of the plug-ins (SVG Viewer by Adobe), there is not as much support for scripting as for VML. 5.1.3 ArcIMS Java Viewer ArcIMS includes a Java Viewer, which provides a Java Applet that can be customized to a certain extent to display vector encoded GIS data on the client side. It requires a download to the client. The Java Viewer reads vector data from ArcIMS feature server encoded using an ESRI proprietary compression format, which makes it difficult to implement special features such as WSMS offsetted road networks because they need to be offset dynamically based on map scale. 5.1.4 MapObjects Java MapObjects Java from ESRI provides a set of Java-based objects for GIS functionalities. It has an extensive set of functionality that can satisfy the requirements. But, it requires a license fee of $100/seat, or comparable server-based licensing. It also requires a download to client machine to run it. 5.1.5 Summary Based on the research above, the project team recommends the following design: Use raster map for background map display (background data with SHA grid map are often large amount of data, suitable for server side processing) Use XML data format to transport the device and event data from server to browser client. Use JavaScript to create and update the VML vector data elements to display the dynamic layers including all the CHART/EORS devices and events. The diagram above illustrates the map display mechanism: 1. Map server reads the spatial data from background database and sends the published map image to the client browser to be displayed as background. 2. Device and event information is broadcasted from the CHART II system in the form of CORBA events. 3. CORBA event listener receives the event broadcast and saves the data into CHART spatial database. 4. CHART/EORS device and event data are published in XML format to the client. Client browser parses the XML into a XML Document Object Model (DOM) using the XML parser. 5. The client browser then iterate through the DOM tree structure and create corresponding VML elements based on the XML device and event data. The VML elements are displayed on the top of the background raster map image. 6. At a pre-configured interval, the browser client retrieves update of device and event data from the IIS server in XML format and update the VML display  based on the updated information. 5.2 Automated Refresh of Device and Event Data CHART/EORS device and event information needs to be updated at a pre-configured interval. They should be updated separate from the background map to reduce the load on the map server. The technical approach to achieve this will be to use a hidden frame to send the request to retrieve updated device and event data and receive the response. The response will package the data in XML file to be parsed into a document object model (DOM) and display the data on map. The request can be to retrieve all data or only retrieve data newer than last retrieval. When the new device/event is received and it requires changing the display of the device/events, the style assignment for the elements can be changed to update the device and event display.   The VML elements will be sent using real-world coordinates (Maryland State Plane 1983). After the data has been retrieved to the client side, the VML map layers can be dynamically projected using the â€Å"local coordinate space†. When user zooms or pan the map, the VML will be projected using the updated coordinates to fit the new map extent without going back to the server to retrieve new data set. 5.3 Inter-Frame Client Script Synchronization The map page has a few frames and the browser loads them asynchronously. Scripts in one frame may call scripts in another frame that may not have been loaded. The approach to resolve this is to add client-side exception handling and verification routine to ensure that the script is called always after the frame is loaded. 5.4 Assigning and Editing Event Location The dynamic nature of VML elements in the browser allows adding and modifying VML elements by scripting. When the user clicks or drags the mouse on the map, client-side script manages the transformation of screen coordinates and real-world map coordinates. The coordinates are sent back to the server’s secured URL where the information is extracted and saved to the database. 5.5 Scalability The CHART mapping application serves not only the Intranet users, but also Internet browser clients. During emergency situations, the load on both the Internet and Intranet servers could get extremely high. The system must be able to scale up to serve large amount of users. The technical approach to solve this issue involves two main facets. As described in the network configuration section, the system will employ network load balancing and allows adding additional hardware in the future. The system should also be able to utilize the caching feature of IIS and ASP.Net to scale up without significantly increase hardware investment. ASP.Net allows caching configuration for individual page modules, such as whether the page is cached and how long it is cached. After the application is deployed, these caching settings can be configured on the web pages. For example, if it is determined that the Internet mapping can be up to 3 seconds late, by setting caching time to 3 seconds, all requests from the Internet will receive a cached response without creating additional load on the map and database server. 5.6 Exception Management and Recovery CHART II keeps its clients updated via a push model using the CORBA Event Service. The Event Service does not guarantee delivery; therefore it is possible for event data to be lost/dropped (although in practice, this is rare). To account for this possibility, the CHART Web Event Listener will refresh its information about the status of devices and traffic events from CHART II at a configurable interval. Also, each time the Event Listener is started, it will retrieve all relevant data from CHART II. Thus, the update model becomes a push model with an occasional pull to be safe. This process will be used to recover from the following situations: 1. The Event Listener was down and did not receive new data from CHART II. 2. CHART II CORBA event(s) occasionally dropped while the Event Listener is up and running. Another likely scenario is that the CHART II server or service(s) restart. After a typical restart, the CORBA Event Service CORBA objects will be  recreated with the same characteristics allowing the Event Listener to continue to automatically receive CHART II CORBA events. As the CHART II services will not be processing events during this time, no events are likely to be missed. Therefore, the Event Listener does not need to do anything special to handle a CHART II server or service(s) restart. Sometimes CHART II maintenance will require that new (and different) Event Service CORBA objects be created. This might happen during a CHART II upgrade, for example. In this case, the Event Listener will need to be restarted so that it can pick up the new objects. Since this type of maintenance does not occur often and the Event Listener restarting is fast, the restart can be handled as part of the CHART II upgrade procedures. 5.7 Integration with ASP Code in EORS and CHART Web Application The CHART Intranet Mapping, replacing the existing EORS mapping application, will still be launched as a separate window by a URL string with a few parameters identifying the district, view type, etc. The impact on EORS web application should be limited to modifying the URL links. The current CHART Internet Mapping site uses â€Å"include† statement to include site navigation pages from upper level CHART web site’s pages. When upgrading Internet Mapping to ASP.Net, â€Å"include† statement is no longer used. Instead, a ServerXMLHTTP request can be formulated to request the text from the included ASP page and merge them into the mapping ASP.Net pages. The limitation of this implementation would be that the ASP.Net application couldn’t share the session and application variables from the ASP application. Currently, there are only a couple of them, such as database connection string. The ASP.Net mapping application will maintain a separate set of application variables. 6. User Interface Design 6.1 Intranet Map Site User Interface Design Here following is a high-level frame structure for the Intranet mapping site: 1. AppFrame is the highest-level frame that includes all the child frames. On the top of the page, there will be the title frame, which will host the  CHART icon. Also inside the title frame will be a group of tabs, such as Traffic, Roadway Weather, Message Sign, etc. 2. ToolsFrame hosts the map navigation and other map related tools. The ToolsFrame will also host menu system that allows the user to bring up data and other detailed information. 3. HiddenFrame will be used to submit and receive information from the server. 4. ContentFrame is further divided to a map frame on the left and a data frame on the right. The user shall be able rearrange the frame boundary to give more space to the map or data area. Data frame will display data as well as legend, layer control and other items when needed. 5. PromptFrame will display the current tool selected and instructions for user activities. Here is a screen shot of the preliminary user interface design: 6.2 Internet Map Site User Interface The overall CHART Internet mapping web site design will stay the same as current web site. The site will stay as part of the overall CHART web site by including the CHART navigation menus into the site. The site will not be using frames; instead, all elements will be laid out as HTML tables. 7. References 1. CHART/EORS Intranet Mapping System Requirement Specification 2. CHART Internet Mapping System Requirement Specification 3. Security and ArcIMS – ESRI White Paper 4. ArcSDE Configuration and Tuning Guide for Microsoft SQL Server – ESRI White Paper 5. ArcIMS 4.0 High-Availability Configuration Testing Using Network Load Balancing –ESRI White Paper 6. Vector Markup Language (VML) Specification – W3C 8. Terms and Glossary ArcXML – ESRI’s map request/response specification in XML format CORBA – Common Object Request Broker Architecture CSS – Cascading Style Sheets DOM – Document Object Model ESRI – Environment System Research Institute GIS – Geographic Information System GML – Geography Markup Language NLB – Network Load Balancing SSL – Secure Socket Layer SVG – Scalable Vector Graphics VML – Vector Markup Language XML – Extensible Markup Language

Increase Synergy Value, High-Cost Efficiency and Increase Economies of Scale Free Essay Example, 3500 words

This paper illustrates that international merger and Acquisition strategy is a source of synergy and surplus power that enables a firm to boosts its performance and efficiency. Companies coming together in the mergers and acquisitions have different market shares that would give them a better performance index if they combined efforts. The move also increases cost efficiency for firms that deal with the same product or come from the same industry. The combined effort results in an entity that enjoys immense profit and related financial gains that single rival firms cannot get from the market. Consequently, increased synergy is associated with the topology of market power gain as well as empire-building aimed at reaching a global level. Additionally, the increased synergy value that is in a number of forms including revenues, expenses, and cost of capital ensures that the new legal entity realizes revenues and a lower overall cost of capital. This corresponds to the synergistic the ory, which indicates the ability of two combined companies to be more profitable compared with the two firms individually. AT T acquisition of DirecTV is a move seen to acquire synergy and build an empire. We will write a custom essay sample on Increase Synergy Value, High-Cost Efficiency and Increase Economies of Scale or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Questions On Common Core Math - 805 Words

Common Core Math Imagine being given a math problem, such as, 7+7. Most people would do simple mental math to get the solution fourteen. However, in American education millions of kids are required to fathom these problems with a concept known as â€Å"number bonds,† and restricting children to one way of solving is profoundly hampering innovativeness in American children (Garelick). Not only has this change in education caused anxiety in children of all ages, but also in their parents who struggle in assisting their children with their school work because they find the new concepts perplexing and divergent from the way they were instructed as children. Common Core concentrates on a coherent set of math skills and concepts. Before this concept was implemented in the American Education system this new way of addressing math problems and concepts was endorsed by teachers, parents, and students. Although, the purpose of common core math was to promote deeper thinking and understa nding in students, regardless of its objectives, all it is doing is reducing not only students but also parents to tears. Statistics show that public support for common core has dropped 16 percent since 2013, when 65 percent of Americans were in favor of the Common Core standards, according to the ninth annual Education Next poll. And possibly the most surprising change in opinion has been among teachers, in 2013, 76 percent of teachers said they were in favor of the Common Core. 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Although this has been stressed, it has not become a focus in my instruction; my plan is to develop a structure that will ensure that vocabularyRead MoreEffective Lesson Design And Backwards Design1215 Words   |  5 PagesBACKWARDS DESIGN The main issues or questions addressed in this section. †¢ An effective lesson design’s most important elements (Wiggins and McTighe, 1998). †¢ Criticality of good learning objectives as far as effective instruction is concerned †¢ Examples of good learning objectives in light with the Common Core State Standards †¢ The Common Pitfalls of Planning Effective lessons and how they can be avoided †¢ Meaning of backward design †¢ The manner in which Common-Core State Standards Initiative assistRead MoreWhy Does America Need The Common Core? Essay1437 Words   |  6 PagesWhy does America need the Common Core? The lack of educational benchmarks and standardization in the United States of America, USA is disjointed and subpar leaving students ill prepared to enter the workforce and college. As evidenced by the persistent problem of students graduating and passing required exit exams in high school; yet, they still needed remediation upon entry to college. The Common Core is good because it provides a set of age appropriate learning goals and sets a national high-qualityRead MoreCommon Core And Standardized Assessments Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesCommon Core Standardized Assessments Assignment Template Use this template to complete the Common Core State Standards assignment. Type your responses in between the brackets [Like this!] Reflecting on Your Research: Summarize the current state of the Common Core (and associated national standards) in the United States using the assigned readings. [The Common Core standards are currently implemented in 43 states and the District of Columbia. All of the states who use Common Core can be an

The Dystopian Society Of The Novel 1984 - 1602 Words

Every country has some type of government that facilitates its citizens. Citizens are taught to trust these high ranking officials, but can we really? The novel 1984 warns readers of what could happen if people mindlessly follow their leaders without knowing the entire situation. The dystopian society in the book, Oceania, is supposed to portray our country. They have a totalitarian government where they all worship this public figure called Big Brother, and their whole country is revolved around the war that they partake in. The outside party is the lower ranked citizens, and the Proles are the other 85% of the population who are not considered as people according to the government. But both are obligated to agree with whatever the Party (the government) says. And also because the Party is their only source of information, they only get the Party’s point of view, such as on history, news, people, etc. In addition, anything dealing with free thought is banned in spite of rebe lling against the Party. This subsequently causes mass propaganda in the country of Oceania, in order to maintain their image that the Party is infallible and the best place to be. Similarly in the United States, there are multiple accounts of hypocrisy and propaganda regarding the War on terror. Terrorism attacks are all over the media and one of the most devastating news to hear about. There always seem to be a good side and a bad side when watching or listening to the news on terrorism. However, weShow MoreRelatedThe Dystopian Society in George Orwells Novel 1984 Essay469 Words   |  2 Pagesbook and helped lay the foundation of the dystopian society George Orwell imagined in his novel 1984. Fear, manipulation, and control were all encompassed throughout this dystopian society set in the distant future. The freedom to express ones thoughts was no longer acceptable and would not be tolerated under any circumstances. Humankind was rapidly transforming into a corrupt and evil state of mind. Even though many of Orwell’s ideas in his novel 1984 seemed completely fictional, several of theRead MoreThe Dystopian Society of Oceania in the Novel 1984 by George Orwell880 Words   |  4 Pagesand mislead the public, one could use them both to increase public awareness of this power. In the dystopian society of Oceania in George Orwells novel 1984, Orwell gives readers a glimpse at how power and language relationship can be used to gain control of the public. In order to display one’s dominance, power is the key factor that should be displayed to gain control over the public. In the novel â€Å"The Party† has the power and control over the population. The Party promulgates the idea that whateverRead MoreModern Society In George Orwells Dystopian Novel 19841333 Words   |  6 PagesIn his dystopian novel â€Å"1984,† George Orwell imagines a world of evil, a place where the authentic individual is repressed of any basic rights. Fearful of this, he skilfully portrays the character, Winston Smith, to embody what life might be in a futuristic society, reduced of meaning, thought, and individuality. It is under these same values that German psychologist, Eric Fromm, hints Orwell’s work to be a warning. An eccentric reservoir for readers to understand the dangers and repercussions ofRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 And The Giver902 Words   |  4 Pagesdepicted in George Orwell’s 1984. This dystopian world may have felt a million miles away when Orwell wrote 1984 in 1949. But, in today’s society, the interest in dystopian novels and films continues to grow. Many comparisons can be drawn between various dystopian novels. 1984 is especially similar to the novel and film The Giver. The novels share similarities in characters, memory, time, emotion, relationships, government, and jobs. Winston Smith, the main character of 1984, does not fully believeRead MoreAnalysis Of Dystopian Literature1066 Words   |  5 Pagesmay peek interest. The dystopian genre is unique and offers readers both suspense and action with a balance between reality and fantasy. â€Å"Dystopian literature is a genre of fictional writing used to explore social and political structures in ‘a dark, nightmare world† (Questia par 1). In order to form this nightmare world, the author must send a message of warning to readers regarding the reality of their characters, often manipulating literary devices to do so. The dystopian atmosphere is composedRead MoreLiterary Context Of Dystopian Literature1746 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary Context Dystopian literature presents a chilling and depressing view of the future in which society itself is generally the antagonist of the story and seems to work against the protagonist’s aims and desires. Dystopian literature explores the many problems within our society and uses them to create a dark and nightmare world, in which squalor, poverty or oppression are present. It acts as a cautionary tale for readers and brings to light the many flaws in humanity, which makes it impossibleRead MoreSetting The Standards Of A Genre873 Words   |  4 PagesSetting the Standards of a Genre: An Analysis of 1984 George Orwell’s 1984 depicts a society in which all the people involved are gradually losing all sense of individuality. The novel follows Winston Smith, a member of the outer party in this dystopian society. As an individual, he has been forced to believe the rules of the society he lives in. In Oceania, the country in which he resides, people believe what they are told to believe. Everyone follows the strict beliefs of the party and Big BrotherRead MoreOne Of The First Dystopian Novels To Become Famous Was1396 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the first dystopian novels to become famous was 1984. The concept of dystopian novels is not only to entertain readers, but to let them understand the characteristics and ideas of a dystopian society. Some of these characteristics are shown through our society but at a more drastic level. Basic fears are exaggerated such as the following: distrust of others, disease, contaminated water, nuclear holocaust, etc. The reader can gain more know ledge by finding ways in which the topics the authorRead More1984 Dystopian Setting Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesComparison In a dystopian society those in power will manipulate the setting to ensure a controlled atmosphere over its citizens. However, this falsified setting is either displayed as dirty and indigent or as a pristine and neat society with no inbetween characteristics. 1984 by George Orwell is recognized as a dystopian novel that takes place in a futuristic country called Oceania. This society is at non-stop war and experiences spontaneous bombings along with poor living conditions. The novel beginsRead MoreThe Giver And 1984 By George Orwell899 Words   |  4 PagesIn films and novels such as The Giver and 1984, a reader or viewer sees the disturbing desires for control and power in dystopian societies. Many dystopian societies congruous to those of Oceania in 1984 and the Community in The Giver, vary in that some can be more violent, controlling, or be ruled by power hungry leaders than others. â€Å"Two households, both alike in dignity... From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean...† These two works have many similarities

Human Development & Life Transition Issues †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Human Development And Life Transition Issues. Answer: Human development is a dynamic process that constitutes passage through several life transitions. Contemporary nursing has laid considerable attention to these diversifying life stages to provide a deeper insight onto the aspects of human development so that prudent and pragmatic approaches may be conferred as applicable to the unique stages. Development of an individual follows a path where physical, social, moral or cognitive issues throughout the lifespan play distinctive roles in shaping the personality of the individual (Feldman, 2016). Therefore, it is imperative to understand the developmental milestone with respect to each stage for ensuring the provision of the most suitable nursing care delivery. The following assignment will highlight the cognitive and social development based on exposure to a variety of predictable as well as unpredictable life transitions by referring to the case scenario of 3 years old child named Jack who has been attending day care twice a week and fo r two hours a day. Works of eminent theorists like that of Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson will be utilized in the discussions of the essay thereby offering scope for exploring the cognitive and social development of children thoroughly. Piagets theory of cognitive development may be referred to for understanding the concept associated with cognitive upbringing of the child. This comprehensive theory adequately addresses the nature and development surrounding human intelligence and was first promulgated by the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget. It has laid considerable emphasis on deciphering the modality of understanding. In this respect, assimilation and accommodation have been recognized as complementary processes that help an individual to become aware through internalization. A dialectical relationship defines these two components interaction, as they are intimately associated despite the fact that one may essentially predominate other at a given instance. As per this theory, the intellectual or cognitive development of a child may be categorized into four distinct stages comprising of sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational stages. It has been opined that each child goes through all these stages in the exact same order while child development is determined by virtue of biological maturation and environmental interaction. However, the rate of progression to the later stages may vary for each child. Further, according to this theory a child of 3 years as applicable in case of Jack, he may be found to belong to the preoperational stage that spans the timeframe of age 2 to 7 years (Carey, S., Gelman, 2014). Thought process at this stage is mostly based on symbols for the children, as they are able to make a thing, an object or a word to represent something other than its usual meaning. Another crucial feature of this stage is that thinking is essentially egocentric and the child encounters issues on accepting the viewpoints of others. The child presents greater efforts in better expressing its feelings and emotions through acquisition of linguistic skills as language development happens in this time span itself thereby indicative of prioritizing t he childcare needs for the caregivers (Bjorklund Causey, 2017). However, in Jacks case his mother Vanessa has expressed concern that he has not attained his developmental milestone with respect to speech development as he spoke in one-to-two word sentences while mostly resorted to babbling rather than uttering coherently in distinct sentences. Thus, the stark features as reported in preoperational stage are not so prominent in Jack. Further, it may be speculated that certain constraints are restricting his speech and normal language development. His mother being working, the child is likely to feel lonely and rejected thereby adding to his egocentric nature that characterizes this stage. Another crucial developmental theory in relation to psychosocial development may be studied in the light of the theory postulated by eminent psychologist Erik Erikson by virtue of which development may be segregated into eight stages constituting the time from infancy until adulthood. It has been mentioned that in each of the stage, the individual is most likely to confront certain psychological crisis that might have either positive or negative impact with respect to personality growth. In case, a child is unable to overcome these challenges in course of his or her developmental stage it might turn into perpetual problems at later hours. According to this theory, a child of three years belongs to the age of early childhood or toddlerhood where the basic virtue of will predominates to counteract the psychological crisis surrounding autonomy as opposed to shame. Ongoing physical development and enhanced mobility characterizes this stage when the child simultaneously engages in explori ng the world around him. The caregivers if nurture the childs abilities and provide sufficient encouragement by burgeoning independence, the child might assert his or her own rights thereby gaining a sense of autonomy. Contrarily, feelings of shame might generate in the child in case the parents or caregivers foster excessive dependence or discourage the child. Socialization skills develop eventually in the child through emergence of awareness with respect to both self as well as others (Dunkel Harbke, 2017). Further, it has been stated in relevant literature that subjected to provision of suitable encouragement from the caregivers and parents, the child may attain confidences and nurture requisite skills to survive in the world. A delicate balance is expected out of the parents to enable the child to do things on his own rather than criticizing his efforts so that he might attain a state of self-control without losing self-esteem through continual encouragement (Friesen Besley, 2 013). Observations with respect to Jack in the given scenario reveal that he has not yet been able to acquire toileting skills in contrast to his same age counterparts. Physical separation from his mother due to enrolment in the day care facility twice a week has posed hindrance to his ability to socialize. He has not been self-sufficient to do things on his own in absence of support from concerned persons like that of her mother at home due to her work engagements. Social and cognitive development is vastly an interrelated affair and has been topic of investigation in various literatures. Personality development and the manner in which a child interacts with his near environment are largely dependent on his communication and relationship with the individual components. Early years of a childs life is very much crucial to his or her development in later years and significantly affect the actions in subsequent years. Both social as well as cognitive development drives a childs response to his near environment and aids in building trusted relationships with others. Interlink between these two modalities of development is crucial for the holistic development of the child that enables him to develop as a responsible citizen of tomorrow. Almost in line with the acquisition of linguistic skills through speech development, social skills tend to appear in greater prominence (Bremner, 2017). A child who has satisfactorily attained his developmental miles tone is capable of displaying his social skills in a likewise manner as well. A reciprocation of social skills may be achieved through higher cognition and complex thought process that set in eventually as the child passes through distinctive developmental phases. Hence, nurses must be proactive in their endeavors to succinctly understand the developmental benchmarks unique to each transitory phase in course of a childs development for providing optimal care facility tailored to perfection for catering to distinct needs of the child (Olds, 2016). Nursing practitioners must undertake proactive initiatives and efforts to render suitable nursing care to the children in accordance with their age depending upon the developmental milestone achieved by the individual in the life stage in which they belong. Human development does not follow a singular discourse, rather is reliant upon interactions among several intermittent stages that exerts their unique influence. Theory of the social development as proposed by Erikson and theory of cognitive development as put forward by Piaget are helpful in this context that pave the way for greater and adequate understanding of human development for the nurses to streamline the nursing care delivery catering to the developmental needs References Bjorklund, D. F., Causey, K. B. (2017).Children's thinking: Cognitive development and individual differences. SAGE Publications. Bremner, J. G. (2017).An introduction to developmental psychology. John Wiley Sons. Carey, S., Gelman, R. (2014).The epigenesis of mind: Essays on biology and cognition. Psychology Press. Dunkel, C. S., Harbke, C. (2017). A review of measures of Eriksons stages of psychosocial development: Evidence for a general factor.Journal of Adult Development,24(1), 58-76. Feldman, R. S. (2016).Life span development: A topical approach. Pearson. Friesen, M. D., Besley, S. C. (2013). Teacher identity development in the first year of teacher education: A developmental and social psychological perspective.Teaching and Teacher Education,36, 23-32. Olds, D. (2016). Building evidence to improve maternal and child health.The Lancet,387(10014), 105-107.

Legalizing Marijuana free essay sample

Legalizing Marijuana What would happened if our government decided to legalize marijuana and tax it? Wouldn’t it be a huge change in our country, especially since America is still in debt? Legalizing marijuana can reduce the amount of American money going to international criminal gangs and increase our own economy. We could make enough money to get out of debt and provide needed and generous funding of many important criminal justice and social programs. Legalizing Marijuana will not just make money for our government, but SAVE money for our government. Legalization this drug won’t just help our economy but it could have some medical value and effect on our agricultural products and law enforcements. The hemp plant is a valuable natural resource. If marijuana were to be legalized, there would be no more confusion about hemp and it could allow this country to take advantage of hemp’s industrial and agricultural uses. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalizing Marijuana or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Countries such as Canada, have been able to support legal hemp cultivation without making marijuana legal; however, in the U.S. opposition to legal marijuana is still the biggest problem to development of industrial hemp as a valuable agricultural product. The United States energy policy still continues to promote and encourage the development of bio-fuels as an alternative to oil dependency and also as a way to decrease carbon emissions. It is very essential to develop industrial hemp as a bio-fuel source, especially because the use of hemp acts as a fuel source and it will not increase the price of food such as corn, nor will food demands rise. I believe that law enforcement has many more important responsibilities than arresting thousands of people each year for possession of marijuana. Especially knowing how expensive the positioning of each of these cases costs. Arresting individuals for marijuana possession is not only wasting jail space, but also clogging up courts systems. Marijuana arrests makes fairness in the United States less important and more expensive. Not only is it wasting law enforcements time, it is also diverting time of attorneys, police, and judges away from real problems in the world such as violent crimes, terrorism, children sexual abuse, etc. The econometric literature shows that when prices for drugs go down, the use of the drug goes up. (Grossman, 2005). The U. S. is currently spending billions of dollars every year chasing peaceful people who love getting high. These peaceful individuals end up in prison and taxpayers are the ones paying for all of it. This is extremely expensive! As if we did not have enough to pay for already. If marijuana was legalized, the government could be able to collect taxes on it, and sufficient money to pay for effective drug education programs or other essential causes. Use of marijuana has many positive attributes such as its medical value and as a recreational drug with mild side effects. Many individuals have decided that marijuana is good for them, especially the people that are suffering from a variety of serious illnesses, and that is their main reason on why they use it. It provides relief from spasticity, nausea, pain, and other symptoms for many people who haven’t been treated successfully with other medications that were prescribed to them. It is also known to stimulate appetite and relive nausea in cancer and AIDS patients (mjlegal. org). Individuals have personal observations that the drug has a low dependence liability and has side effects that are easy to manage. Users of marijuana that haven’t developed tolerance to the side effects, simply decide to stop using the drug, making in a non-addictive drug. Marijuana could prevent people from drinking alcohol as much as they do because in a recent study, many adults prefer marijuana to alcohol as a moderate and mild way to relax and feel calm. The benefits of use greatly outweigh the risks, especially since the greatest risk of using the drug is the low risk of arrest. Despite the threat of getting arrested and a variety of other punishments, marijuana users have continued to support legalization for over a generation. There have been very great attempts to legalize and prohibition still continues. However, prohibition has failed to silence marijuana users and their quest for fairness and legalization. Marijuana is a great way to make money more America because hemp is a valuable agricultural product. It will allow people to relax without feeling anxious because of the possibility of being arrested for it. Since American users believe in the fundamental values of society, they refuse to give up on their long search for justice. They know the great benefits of this drug and they are determined to accomplish legalization and stand up to the injustice of marijuana probation, no matter what it takes or long it takes to succeed. Legalizing Marijuana free essay sample The legality of Marijuana has been subject to debate and controversy for decades. Cannabis is illegal to consume, possess, trade, cultivate and transfer in most countries. Since the beginning of mass Marijuana prohibition most countries have not re-legalized it for personal use although 10 countries have decriminalized its use in limited quantity. Medicinal use of cannabis is legal in a number of countries including Canada, the Czech Republic, Israel and 16 states in the United States of America. Over the years the number of people supporting the legalization of Marijuana has increased. Some advocate legalization of Marijuana believing that it will reduce crime, reduce illegal immigration as well as increase tax revenue. This essay will attempt to examine all three of these factors but also investigate other factors that legalizing Marijuana will benefit. Firstly Legalizing Marijuana may increase tax revenue and consequently increase the number of jobs. California already earns around 14 billion dollars a year and it is estimated that legalizing Marijuana could generate between . We will write a custom essay sample on Legalizing Marijuana or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 5 to $1. 4 (from taxing the drug) in revenue for California (Wolff). Additionally our country as a whole spends $68 Billion a year on its prisoner’s one third of which are imprisoned for non-violent drug crimes. According to an article written by Madeline Wolff in the Daily Sundial about half of these criminals are in Jail for Marijuana related crimes. This means legalizing the drug would mean spending less then $11. 3 billion less on prisons (Wolff). Legalizing Marijuana would mean generating this lost income and using this money and harnessing it to pump it back into the economy. In addition to the added tax revenue, legalizing Marijuana would also create jobs. The distribution path from the field to the smoker is a long one. Retail Marijuana would create jobs in growing cutting, processing, distribution and sales (Illegal Immigration Statistics). Furthermore additional jobs would be created at the state and federal levels as governments may take on inspectors in order to oversea the production of Marijuana in dispensaries. The combination of creating more jobs as well as the increased tax revenue may help the United States get out of the recession it was in. However if we legalize Marijuana some people may start smoking in the work place. This may ultimately jeopardize the efficiency of the working environment and consequently production may decrease. In order to prevent this we must establish certain regulations with smoking Marijuana just like we’ve established regulations with smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol. Another problem we can encounter is that if we legalize Marijuana the dealers that sold the drug may resort to harder drugs to sell. Nevertheless the hidden benefit of job creations is ultimately the reduction of crime. According to a paper published by the United States Government Accountability Office it found that in a study that higher levels of unemployment are associated with higher levels of property crime (Nilsen) In other words someone who is struggling to support his or her family is more likely to turn to criminal activity then someone in a stable environment. The government would be senseless if it turned its back on a new market by legalizing Marijuana that would create thousands of new jobs as well as restore hopes to the communities hit hardest by the recession. Furthermore in 2007 the Justice Department reported that there were 1,841,182 drug arrests in the United State. Marijuana arrests accounted for 47. 7% of those. Additionally it costs a further $22,000 a year to house one inmate in one correctional facility. This means criminals who’ve possessed Marijuana house the majority of correctional facilities. If we legalized Marijuana we can make room in the correctional facilities for people who’ve committed much serious crimes as well as people who’ve possessed much harder drugs. Legalization will also reduce violence because it reduces the profit incentive for the dealers. When the price of an item is legal. The price of the item will go down because it’s easier to get. This will also give authorities the ability to better control the use of the drug. Selling the Marijuana to legitimate traders will make it harder for children to obtain instead of it being available on the black market where it is much easier for children to obtain. Furthermore legalization of Marijuana may reduce peoples need to resort to harder drugs. The reason for this could be because the availability of a drug that can get you high will be enough for users of other harder drugs. Marijuana is known to be a psychoactive drug and is quite strong depending on how much one consumes. Therefore if a person wants to get really high Marijuana has been known to produce the same euphoric yet safe sensations as other drugs. Additionally, rehab centers may be able to use Marijuana as a treatment option to help ease those addicted to harder drugs off of them. As a result we can see that Marijuana has some medicinal benefits, according to www. cannabis-med. org. Cannabis can be used to help patients with chemotherapy as the active ingredient in Cannabis, THC, reduces vomiting and nausea and also alleviates pretreatment anxiety. Marijuana can also be used to help people with anorexia as well as people who have been diagnosed with AIDS. The THC increases the appetite of the user causing them to eat more, users have been known to maintain a stable body weight when smoking Marijuana and then consuming food. Marijuana has also been known to alleviate depression, reduce the chance of epileptic seizures, prevent glaucoma and help people with Asthma (â€Å"Medical uses of cannabis and THC†) Another problem we face when legalizing Marijuana is that it may lead users onto using other harder drugs. According to Maia Szalavitz, who’s a writer for Times magazine she states in her article that according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse a person who smokes marijuana is 104 times as likely to use cocaine then someone who has never smoked pot (Szalavitz) The problem here however is that correlation should have nothing to do with cause. For example Hells angles motorcycle gang member is probably 104 times as likely to have ridden a bike as a child but that doesn’t indicate that riding a bicycle as a child is a gateway for entering a motorbike gang. It just means that most people ride bikes and the people who don’t probably won’t ride a motorcycle. Additionally scientists have long decided that marijuana isn’t in fact a gateway drug according to a report commissioned by the congress, scientists stated that underage alcohol and cigarette consumption before marijuana use might be the cause for the use of other illicit drugs (Szalavitz). One cause nevertheless between marijuana use and other drugs is taste. People may want to get more out of what they are consuming and try to alter their consciousness for example if one is a music fan they wouldn’t just listen to one band or just one genre instead they would listen to other varieties that would give them the same feelings and emotions that they initially felt. Another reason why people move onto harder drugs is because of legality. Users tend to find harder drugs through marijuana dealers as a result if the government legalizes marijuana the supply of users to the dealers will decrease and consequently they wont have anyone to sell the harder drugs to. A Final point for the Legalization of Marijuana is that it can prevent illegal immigration. The ability of drug cartels to move over the boarder relatively easy has resulted in over 100 billion dollars worth of drugs being brought over the boarder and being sold through over 11,000 gang members each year (Wooldridge). 80% of the daily supply of Marijuana and methamphetamines, cocaine and heroine come from Mexico (â€Å"US illegal Aliens†) this causes a problem as the drug cartels bring in gang members with them as 618,000 illegal immigrants have been convicted of committing a deadly crime on American citizens. Furthermore 2. 2 kilograms of cocaine is brought over from the Mexico-Texas border each year (Pope). If we legalized Marijuana like mentioned in the previous paragraph, we will diminish the market that is available to the drug cartels and prevent them from entering the United States. Furthermore we can use the remaining fund that was used to prevent Marijuana from entering our country and use it instead to prevent the drug cartels from shipping cocaine and other illegal and harder drugs into the country. In conclusion legalizing Marijuana is an extremely controversial topic. We do not know for sure if it will benefit out society for the good. But as the evidence has suggested legalizing Marijuana will not only decrease crime rate but it also be very profitable and can also have medicinal benefits to individuals and it is for those reasons that the government should attempt to legalize Marijuana.